During the 2014 rainy season, a crucial influent pump station in the growing northwest city of Marysville, Washington, was at capacity for storm flows. Its three influent pumps needed to be upgraded to increase capacity. The existing 25-horsepower (HP) (18.7-kilowatt [kW]) pumps were barely able to keep up and overheated in maximum flow conditions. Facility managers determined that 38-HP (28-kW) pumps were the maximum size that would fit in the existing space and not exceed the motor control center (MCC) starter size. While these new pumps would provide the required flow rates for projected storm flows, the facility team was unsure if the existing standby 125-kW diesel generator would be able to run three 38-kW pumps. If direct-on-line starters (or even soft starters) were used, the generator would not be able to handle the inrush current.
The Options
Variable frequency drives (VFDs), however, eliminate inrush and improve the displacement power factor (DPF). The generator vendor did not have sufficient records on this older generator to determine maximum motor starting ability or suitability for VFD loads. But without VFDs, the existing full-voltage starters could start only two of the larger pump units on generator power. Soft starts, such as solid-state reduced voltage starters, were not a solution either. While soft starts reduce inrush current, they apply 60 Hertz (Hz) to the stator immediately, making the motor operate in the 100 percent slip region. One-hundred percent slip with full voltage will generate rated locked rotor torque (LRT) with a corresponding locked rotor current—typically 120 percent torque and 660 percent amps, respectively. With reduced voltage starters, torque varies by the square of the voltage change. So at 60 percent voltage, the LRT is approximately 36 percent of rated LRT or, in this case, roughly 43 percent (120 percent x 0.36 = 43.2 percent).The Solution
Because the facility did not have a budget for a replacement generator, the team decided to reduce the load on the old generator by incorporating VFDs. In the last fiscal year, each of the three pumps was increased from 25 HP (18.7 kW) to 38 HP (28 kW), and the existing full-voltage starters were replaced with VFDs. Installing VFDs in place of the existing full-volt starters benefited the generator in two specific ways:- Inrush current on pump start was reduced from 600 percent to less than 20 percent without sacrificing starting torque. Because a VFD starts the motor with design slip (nameplate slip), 150 percent rated motor torque is available at start.
- Maximum speed and associated kW load were easy to adjust downward.