What is NPSH?

What is Net Positive Suction Head?

The margin of pressure over vapor pressure, at the pump suction nozzle, is Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH). NPSH is the difference between suction pressure (stagnation) and vapor pressure. In equation form:NPSH = P_s ‑ P_vap

Where:

NPSH = NPSH available from the system, at the pump inlet, with the pump running

P_s = Stagnation suction pressure, at the pump inlet, with the pump running

P_vap = Vapor pressure of the pumpage at inlet temperature

Since vapor pressure is always expressed on the absolute scale, suction pressure must also be in absolute terms. In U.S. customary units, both pressures must be in psia. Gauge pressure is converted to absolute pressure by adding atmospheric pressure. In equation form:

absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

The above equation provides an answer in units of pressure (psi). This can be converted to units of head (feet) by the following equation:

h = 2.31p/SG

Where:

h = Head, feet

p = Pressure, psi

SG = Specific gravity of the liquid
 

Problem No. 1: NPSH
 

Stagnation suction pressure is determined to be 1-psig at a sea level installation. The vapor pressure of the liquid is 8-psia. Calculate NPSH in PSI and feet for a 0.9 SG liquid

NPSH = P_s ‑ P_vap = 1 + 14.7 ‑ 8 = 7.7 PSI

NPSH = 2.31p/SG = (2.31) (7.7)/0.9 = 19.8 FEET

Velocity Head is Included
 

Note that suction pressure is stagnation pressure (total pressure); it includes velocity head. Adding velocity head puts all pumps on the same basis, otherwise a pump would require different amounts of NPSH when tested with different sizes of suction lines (assuming that suction pressure is measured in the suction line, which is normally the case).

It should also be noted that the velocity head is normally quite small, relative to the NPSH, so it can usually be ignored.

Units of NPSH
 

For centrifugal pumps, NPSH values are expressed in units of specific energy (equivalent column height) such as feet or meters. For displacement pumps (rotary and reciprocating), NPSH values are normally expressed in pressure units such as pounds per square inch (psi), kilopascals, or bars.

NPSH values are neither gauge pressures nor absolute pressures. The g in psig means that the pressure is measured above atmospheric pressure. The a in psia means that the pressure is measured above absolute zero, a perfect vacuum. NPSH is a measurement of pressure above vapor pressure, so the units of NPSH (in the U.S.) are just psi or feet.

What Symbol Should We Use?
 

Because units of pressure are typically used to express the value of NPSH for a displacement pump, some authors, and companies, use symbols such as NPIP (for net positive inlet pressure) and NIP (for net inlet pressure), because the units are pressure units, not head units. For simplicity, I'll stick with NPSH, regardless of the units used.

Suction Pressure: The First Half of the NPSH Equation
 

Suction pressure must be determined at the pump suction nozzle when the pump is running. If suction pressure is measured with a gauge, the atmospheric pressure (at the pump location) must be added to the gauge reading to convert the reading to absolute pressure. The elevation of the gauge must also be added (if the gauge is above datum) or subtracted (if the gauge is below datum). Although often negligible, the velocity head in the pipe at the gauge connection should be added to obtain total (stagnation) pressure. For a reciprocating pump (and some rotaries), the acceleration head must be subtracted. (More on acceleration head later.)

Vapor Pressure: The Second Half of the NPSH Equation
 

Vapor pressure is more difficult to determine than suction pressure. It is a measure of the "desire" of a liquid to boil to a gas. Some liquids, such as butane and ammonia, have high vapor pressures. They must be kept under pressure, or they will boil (flash). An open container of pure ammonia would quickly boil away, filling the area with noxious ammonia gas.

Cool water has a low vapor pressure. An open container of cool water, on the earth's surface, would not boil, but would evaporate slowly over a period of days. The desire of cool water to boil is therefore low. If we were to place that same open container of cool water on the surface of the moon, it would boil away, similar to the ammonia. Why? The atmospheric pressure on the moon is zero, a perfect vacuum. The vapor pressure of pure, air‑free water at 80-deg F is about 1/2-psia. This means that if the pressure on the water is reduced below 1/2- psia, the water will boil.

A Function of Temperature
 

Vapor pressure is a function only of temperature. As the temperature of the liquid increases, its vapor pressure increases until the critical temperature is reached. At the critical temperature, vapor pressure vanishes. Above the critical temperature, there is no distinction between a liquid and a gas. It is all fluid.

Boiling Reestablishes Equilibrium Conditions
 

Any liquid at its vapor pressure is on the verge of boiling (flashing). In such a condition it is said to be in equilibrium, at its bubble point or saturated. If the pressure is reduced slightly, it will start to boil. If the temperature is held constant (which requires heat input) and the pressure held constant (below the vapor pressure), the liquid will continue to boil until it has all flashed to vapor.

If heat is not provided to the liquid, the portion flashing to vapor will cool, and will also absorb heat from the remaining liquid, causing the liquid temperature to drop. The lower temperature will result in a lower vapor pressure. The boiling will continue only until the vapor pressure drops to the pressure which is imposed on the liquid. When that vapor pressure is reached, and the boiling stops, the liquid‑vapor mixture is again in equilibrium. This is what happens in the suction passage of a pump. Cavitation will cool the liquid and stop the cavitation. Otherwise, all the liquid would flash to vapor.

NPSH Available: A System Characteristic
 

NPSHA stands for NPSH Available from the system. It can be calculated by measuring suction pressure at the pump suction nozzle, cor­recting to datum, adding atmospheric pressure, adding velocity head and subtracting vapor pressure. In equation form:

NPSHA = P_sg + P_z + P_atm + P_vel - P_vap

Where:

NPSHA = NPSH available to the pump, psi

P_sg = Gauge pressure measured at suction nozzle, psig

P_z = Elevation of gauge above pump centerline, converted to pressure units, psi

P_atm = Atmospheric pressure, psia

P_vel = Velocity head, convened to pressure units, psi

P_vap = Vapor pressure of the pumpage, at the pump suction nozzle, psia

If desired, all units can be convened to head (feet) prior to plugging into the equation.

If the system has not been built, it is necessary to calculate the NPSHA by starting with the pressure in the suction tank. Add atmospheric pressure, add (or subtract) the liquid level above (below) datum, subtract all losses from the tank to the pump and subtract vapor pressure. With reciprocating pumps it is also necessary to subtract acceleration head, a term which will be explained later. In equation form:

NPSHA = P_t + P_atm + P_zt - P_f - P_vap

Where:

P_t = Tank pressure, psig

P_zt = Elevation of liquid in suction tank, converted to pressure units, psi

P_f = Friction losses at tank exit and in suction line, converted to pressure units, psi
 

Problem No. 2: NPSHA
 

A suction gauge with its centerline 2-ft below the centerline of a centrifugal pump reads 152-psig. Atmospheric pressure is 14.0-psia. The pipe is 3-in standard weight steel. Capacity is 100-gpm. Vapor pressure is 163-psia. SG is 0.5. Calculate the NPSHA in feet.

Because the desired answer is in feet, rather than PSI, we will convert all pressure units to feet.

Flow Area of Pipe = 3.14 x 1.5² = 7.07 square inches

VEL = 0.321 x Q/A = 0.321 x 100/7.07 = 4.54 feet/sec

H_vel = V²/2G = 4.54²/64.4 = 0.3 feet

NPSHA  = H_sg + H_z + H_atm + H_vel - H_vap

=  (p_sg + p_atm ‑ p_vap)(2.31/SG) + H_z + H_vel

=  (152 + 14.0 ‑ 163)(2.31/0.5) + (‑2) + 0.3

=  13.9 ‑ 2 + 0.3 = 12 feet

[Note: A new 300-psi gauge, used to measure the suction pressure, normally has an accuracy of ± 1 percent of full scale, or ± 3-psi (14-ft). Therefore, the error in the gauge could be more than the calculated NPSHA.]

[Also note that the velocity head was negligible, and could have been ignored.]

NPSH Required: A Pump Characteristic
 

The letters NPSHR stand for the NPSH required by the pump. This characteristic must be determined by test. Test methods and acceptance criteria for different types of pumps will be discussed later.

System Requirement
 

For proper operation of the pump, it is necessary that NPSHA > NPSHR. The system must provide more NPSH than the pump requires.

Pumps & Systems, March 2009