Previous “Pump System Improvement” columns covered the assessment of simple systems with a single load. The system discussed in this column has multiple loads. Figure 1 is a schematic of a piping system under evaluation. This system in Figure 1 has three circuits. Circuit 1 consists of the tank (GS-TK-000), the pump (GS-PU-001), the heat exchanger (GS-HX-001), the process element (GS-PE-001), the control (GS-FCV-001) and the destination tank (GS-TK-001), along with the interconnecting pipelines. The supply tank (GS-TK-000), the pump (GS-PU-001) and the heat exchanger (GS-HX-001) are common elements to all three circuits. Circuit 2 includes the supply tank, the pump, the heat exchanger, GS-PE-002, GS-FCV-002 and the destination tank (GS-TK-002).
01/09/2015
Figure 1. A circuit with multiple loads (Graphics courtesy of the author)
Previous columns showed that the total head produced by the pump element equals the head consumed by the process elements, including static head, pipeline friction losses and friction losses in process equipment.
In other words, the energy added to the fluid by the pump equals the energy consumed by the process and control elements.
Pump Energy = Process Energy + Control Energy
This basic concept is more complex in systems with multiple circuits. Because of the law of conservation of energy, the energy added by the pump must equal the energy consumed by the process and control elements for each circuit. Table 1 shows the energy use in each circuit.
Table 1. The pump head and the head losses for the process and control elements are displayed. In each circuit, the head added by the pump equals the energy used by the process elements and control elements.
The 236.5 feet (ft) of pump head is supplied to each circuit. The process elements for each circuit are grouped together. The total head (both pressure and elevation) for each tank is included in the identifier field, and the result is displayed in the left column. The number of pipelines in each circuit is displayed along with the sum of the head losses for each circuit. The control elements include the head loss across the control valves for each circuit.
The total pump head equals the head loss of the process and control elements in each circuit (see Table 1). Understanding energy consumed by each element in the system allows annual cost of operation to be calculated. Circuit 1 has a flow rate of 400 gallons per minute (gpm), and Circuits 2 and 3 have flow rates of 200 gpm each. The system operates 8,000 hours per year with a power cost of $0.06 per kilowatt-hour. The pump efficiency is 76.5 percent, and the motor efficiency is 94 percent. Table 2 shows the energy cost balance sheet.
Table 2. The energy cost balance sheet shows the cost to operate each item in the piping system as originally operated.
Table 3. The energy cost balance sheet shows the cost to operate each item in the system after increasing the impeller diameter to meet the additional flow and head requirements.
Table 4. The energy cost balance sheet shows the operating cost when the flow rate is increased and the pipe diameters in Circuits 2 and 3 are increased to 4-inch pipe.
Increasing the pipe diameters reduced the head loss in the pipelines for Circuits 2 and 3. This allowed the existing pump to meet the revised system needs without a larger impeller diameter.
Much of the cost was transferred from the pipelines to the control elements. Further savings can be obtained by reducing the head developed by the pump. This can be done by trimming the impeller or installing a variable speed drive (VSD) and operating the pump at a reduced speed.